Varicose Veins

Introduction

Varicose veins are enlarged, twisted veins that commonly appear on the legs and feet due to weakened vein valves that fail to push blood efficiently toward the heart. This leads to blood pooling, causing the veins to bulge and become visibly prominent under the skin. They form part of a broader varicose vein disease known as chronic venous insufficiency.

Common varicose veins symptoms include leg pain, heaviness, swelling, and skin discoloration. If untreated, complications like ulcers or bleeding may occur. Diagnosis involves a clinical exam and ultrasound imaging. Early varicose veins management includes compression stockings and lifestyle changes, while advanced cases may require varicose veins treatment such as laser therapy or sclerotherapy. Understanding varicose veins stages, types, and risk factors helps ensure timely care and long-term vascular health.

Varicose Veins Leg Illustration of Varicose Veins

Symptoms of Varicose Veins

Thick, raised veins that look wavy or knotted under the skin.
Heaviness or tiredness in the legs.
Itching or irritation over the affected area, sometimes with dry, scaly skin.
Night cramps or restlessness in the legs, disturbing sleep for some patients.
Varicose Veins
Dull aching, throbbing, or a dragging sensation along the veins.
Swelling around the ankles and feet.
Colour changes or hardening of the skin around the lower leg and ankle.
Slow-healing wounds or ulcers near the ankle in advanced cases.

Causes and Risk Factors of Varicose Veins

Genetics

A family history of varicose veins increases your likelihood of developing them.

Age

The risk rises as vein walls and valves weaken with advancing age.

Hormones

Female hormonal changes, especially during menopause, affect vein elasticity.

Pregnancy

Single or multiple pregnancies add pressure on leg veins, leading to enlargement.

Posture

Long hours of standing or sitting can hinder blood flow and strain veins.

Weight

Being overweight increases pressure on leg veins and weakens circulation.

Types of Varicose Veins

Trunk varicose veins

arise from main superficial veins and appear as long, linear bulging veins.

Tributary veins

smaller branches of the main veins.

Reticular veins

network-like blue veins just under the skin.

Spider veins

fine, red or purple thread-like veins seen on the surface of the skin.

Diagnosis of Varicose Veins

The Doctor usually begins with a visual and a physical examination, assessing vein patterns and swelling. Diagnosis methods include -

Doppler Ultrasound Diagnosis

Doppler Ultrasound

checks blood flow and detects valve problems.

Duplex Scan

to identify reflux, valve failure, and any obstruction

Treatment Options for Varicose Veins

Conservative Management

Weight management, avoiding prolonged standing or sitting, and elevating legs when resting

Sclerotherapy

A chemical solution is injected into the vein, causing it to collapse and fade over time.

Laser Treatment

A laser fiber is inserted into the affected vein to seal it shut using heat energy, redirecting blood into healthy veins.

Surgical Ligation and Stripping

Reserved for severe cases, the affected veins are tied off or removed through small incisions.

Prevention and Lifestyle Tips for
Varicose Veins

Maintain a diet with high fiber and low salt
Stay active and maintain a healthy weight
Avoid standing or sitting still for long periods
Elevate legs periodically
Avoid tight clothing around thighs or waist
Use compression therapy if advised

Complications of Varicose Veins

  • Chronic venous insufficiency
  • Varicose eczema and skin discoloration
  • Hardening of skin tissue
  • Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
  • Venous ulcers
  • Spontaneous bleeding from ruptured veins

When to See a Doctor

  • Persistent pain, swelling or heaviness in the legs
  • Skin changes or eczema near the ankles
  • Ulcers that do not heal within two weeks
  • Sudden redness, tenderness or swelling in a vein
  • Acute leg swelling with chest pain or breathlessness (possible DVT)
  • Bleeding from a vein or painful varicosities during pregnancy

Conclusion

Varicose veins are a common yet manageable varicose vein disease caused by weak vein valves and venous reflux. Though often mild at first, they can progress to pain, swelling, or skin changes. Advanced varicose veins treatments like laser therapy, radiofrequency ablation, sclerotherapy, and phlebectomy offer safe, lasting relief. With timely varicose veins diagnosis, proper management, and lifestyle care, patients can restore comfort and maintain long-term vascular health.

Got a question?

Frequently Asked Questions

Doctor consulting patient

Most are not life-threatening, but untreated cases can lead to ulcers or clots.

They ease symptoms but do not correct faulty valves. Procedures are needed for permanent correction.

The treated vein stays closed, but new veins may become varicose over time if risk factors persist.

They develop from faulty vein valves, prolonged standing, obesity, pregnancy, or family history.

They can be managed through laser treatment, radiofrequency ablation, or sclerotherapy.