Uterine Fibroids

Introduction

Uterine Fibroids (Leiomyomas) are non-cancerous growths that form in or around the uterus, arising from the smooth muscle tissue of the uterine wall. They are among the most common gynecological conditions in women of reproductive age. Common uterine fibroid symptoms include heavy menstrual bleeding, prolonged periods, pelvic pressure, frequent urination, and fertility difficulties.

There are several types of uterine fibroid, such as intramural, sub-serosal, submucosal, and pedunculated fibroids, each differing in location and impact. Accurate uterine fibroid diagnosis is made through pelvic examination, ultrasound, or MRI to determine size and number. Modern uterine fibroid treatment options include medication, minimally invasive procedures like Uterine Fibroid Embolization (UFE), and surgery when necessary. Preventive care through regular check-ups, hormonal balance, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle forms the basis of uterine fibroid prevention, supporting long-term reproductive wellness and symptom control.

Varicose Veins Leg Illustration of Varicose Veins

Symptoms of Uterine Fibroids

Heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding.
Pelvic pain or pressure.
Frequent urination due to pressure on the bladder.
Constipation or rectal pressure.
Varicose Veins
Abdominal distension or feeling of fullness.
Pain during intercourse.
Back pain or leg pain due to pressure on nearby nerves.
Difficulty conceiving or recurrent miscarriage.

Causes and Risk Factors of Uterine Fibroids

Hormonal Imbalance

Elevated estrogen and progesterone levels stimulate fibroid growth.

Genetic Factors

Family history of fibroids increases the likelihood of developing them.

Age and Reproductive Years

Most common in women aged 30–50, especially before menopause.

Obesity

Excess body weight raises estrogen levels, promoting fibroid formation.

Early Onset of Menstruation

Starting periods at a younger age is linked to higher risk.

Lifestyle and Diet

High red meat intake and low consumption of fruits or vegetables.

Types of Uterine Fibroids

Intramural fibroids

Develop within the muscular wall of the uterus.

Submucosal fibroids

Forms just beneath the inner lining of the uterus.

Subserosal fibroids

Grows on the outer surface of the uterus, can press on nearby organs.

Pedunculated fibroids

Attached by a stalk inside or outside the uterus.

Diagnosis of Uterine Fibroids

A doctor may suspect a uterine fibroid if the uterus feels enlarged or irregular during a routine pelvic examination

Doppler Ultrasound Diagnosis

Pelvic Ultrasound

A non-invasive imaging test that uses sound waves to visualize the uterus.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Provides detailed images of the uterus to distinguish the types of uterine fibroid.

Treatment Options for Uterine Fibroids

Medications Therapy

hormonal therapies to reduce bleeding or temporarily shrink fibroids.

Uterine Fibroid Embolization (UFE)

a minimally invasive procedure where a catheter is guided into the uterine arteries, and embolic particles are injected to cut off blood supply to the fibroids.

Sclerotherapy

A chemical injection therapy used to shrink or seal off the abnormal vessels by damaging their inner lining. It is commonly used for smaller or superficial AVMs, especially in the limbs.

Hysterectomy

complete removal of the uterus (definitive cure when fertility is not a concern).

Prevention and Lifestyle Tips for
Uterine Fibroids

Maintain a healthy weight.
Manage oestrogen exposure by balancing diet and lifestyle.
Limit alcohol and smoking.
Schedule regular checkups.
Regular gynecological check-ups for early detection.
Exercise regularly and ensure adequate vitamin D levels.

Complications of Uterine Fibroids

  • Anemia from chronic blood loss.
  • Infertility or pregnancy complications.
  • Urinary obstruction or bowel compression.
  • Rarely, degeneration of the fibroid causing severe pain.

When to See a Doctor

  • Heavy, prolonged, or painful periods.
  • Pelvic pain or pressure.
  • Difficulty in conceiving or repeated miscarriages.
  • Rapidly increasing abdominal size.

Conclusion

Uterine fibroids are benign growths that can greatly affect a woman’s health and daily comfort. Modern uterine fibroid treatment options such as Uterine Fibroid Embolization provide effective relief without major surgery. Recognizing uterine fibroid symptoms early and seeking timely uterine fibroid diagnosis from a gynecologist or interventional radiologist ensures proper management, while healthy lifestyle practices support long-term uterine fibroid prevention and improved quality of life.

Got a question?

Frequently Asked Questions

Doctor consulting patient

No, they are almost always benign and non-cancerous.

Fibroids may shrink after menopause due to reduced hormone levels.

They are linked to hormonal changes, genetics, and factors like obesity or early menstruation.

Common symptoms include heavy periods, pelvic pain, bloating, and frequent urination

They are usually detected through pelvic exams, ultrasounds, or MRI scans.